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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="generator" content="rustdoc"><meta name="description" content="A memory allocator that can be registered as the standard library’s default through the `#[global_allocator]` attribute."><title>GlobalAlloc in allocator_api2::alloc - Rust</title><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../static.files/SourceSerif4-Regular-46f98efaafac5295.ttf.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../static.files/FiraSans-Regular-018c141bf0843ffd.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../static.files/FiraSans-Medium-8f9a781e4970d388.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../static.files/SourceCodePro-Regular-562dcc5011b6de7d.ttf.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../static.files/SourceCodePro-Semibold-d899c5a5c4aeb14a.ttf.woff2"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../static.files/normalize-76eba96aa4d2e634.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../static.files/rustdoc-ac92e1bbe349e143.css"><meta name="rustdoc-vars" data-root-path="../../" data-static-root-path="../../static.files/" data-current-crate="allocator_api2" data-themes="" data-resource-suffix="" data-rustdoc-version="1.76.0 (07dca489a 2024-02-04)" data-channel="1.76.0" data-search-js="search-2b6ce74ff89ae146.js" data-settings-js="settings-4313503d2e1961c2.js" ><script src="../../static.files/storage-f2adc0d6ca4d09fb.js"></script><script defer src="sidebar-items.js"></script><script defer src="../../static.files/main-305769736d49e732.js"></script><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../static.files/noscript-feafe1bb7466e4bd.css"></noscript><link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="../../static.files/favicon-16x16-8b506e7a72182f1c.png"><link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="../../static.files/favicon-32x32-422f7d1d52889060.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="../../static.files/favicon-2c020d218678b618.svg"></head><body class="rustdoc trait"><!--[if lte IE 11]><div class="warning">This old browser is unsupported and will most likely display funky things.</div><![endif]--><nav class="mobile-topbar"><button class="sidebar-menu-toggle">☰</button></nav><nav class="sidebar"><div class="sidebar-crate"><h2><a href="../../allocator_api2/index.html">allocator_api2</a><span class="version">0.2.16</span></h2></div><h2 class="location"><a href="#">GlobalAlloc</a></h2><div class="sidebar-elems"><section><h3><a href="#required-methods">Required Methods</a></h3><ul class="block"><li><a href="#tymethod.alloc">alloc</a></li><li><a href="#tymethod.dealloc">dealloc</a></li></ul><h3><a href="#provided-methods">Provided Methods</a></h3><ul class="block"><li><a href="#method.alloc_zeroed">alloc_zeroed</a></li><li><a href="#method.realloc">realloc</a></li></ul><h3><a href="#implementors">Implementors</a></h3></section><h2><a href="index.html">In allocator_api2::alloc</a></h2></div></nav><div class="sidebar-resizer"></div>
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<main><div class="width-limiter"><nav class="sub"><form class="search-form"><span></span><div id="sidebar-button" tabindex="-1"><a href="../../allocator_api2/all.html" title="show sidebar"></a></div><input class="search-input" name="search" aria-label="Run search in the documentation" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" placeholder="Click or press ‘S’ to search, ‘?’ for more options…" type="search"><div id="help-button" tabindex="-1"><a href="../../help.html" title="help">?</a></div><div id="settings-menu" tabindex="-1"><a href="../../settings.html" title="settings"><img width="22" height="22" alt="Change settings" src="../../static.files/wheel-7b819b6101059cd0.svg"></a></div></form></nav><section id="main-content" class="content"><div class="main-heading"><h1>Trait <a href="../index.html">allocator_api2</a>::<wbr><a href="index.html">alloc</a>::<wbr><a class="trait" href="#">GlobalAlloc</a><button id="copy-path" title="Copy item path to clipboard"><img src="../../static.files/clipboard-7571035ce49a181d.svg" width="19" height="18" alt="Copy item path"></button></h1><span class="out-of-band"><span class="since" title="Stable since Rust version 1.28.0">1.28.0</span> · <a class="src" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/src/core/alloc/global.rs.html#123">source</a> · <button id="toggle-all-docs" title="collapse all docs">[<span>−</span>]</button></span></div><pre class="rust item-decl"><code>pub unsafe trait GlobalAlloc {
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// Required methods
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unsafe fn <a href="#tymethod.alloc" class="fn">alloc</a>(&self, layout: <a class="struct" href="struct.Layout.html" title="struct allocator_api2::alloc::Layout">Layout</a>) -> <a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.pointer.html">*mut </a><a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.u8.html">u8</a>;
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<span class="item-spacer"></span> unsafe fn <a href="#tymethod.dealloc" class="fn">dealloc</a>(&self, ptr: <a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.pointer.html">*mut </a><a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.u8.html">u8</a>, layout: <a class="struct" href="struct.Layout.html" title="struct allocator_api2::alloc::Layout">Layout</a>);
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// Provided methods
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unsafe fn <a href="#method.alloc_zeroed" class="fn">alloc_zeroed</a>(&self, layout: <a class="struct" href="struct.Layout.html" title="struct allocator_api2::alloc::Layout">Layout</a>) -> <a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.pointer.html">*mut </a><a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.u8.html">u8</a> { ... }
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<span class="item-spacer"></span> unsafe fn <a href="#method.realloc" class="fn">realloc</a>(
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&self,
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ptr: <a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.pointer.html">*mut </a><a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.u8.html">u8</a>,
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layout: <a class="struct" href="struct.Layout.html" title="struct allocator_api2::alloc::Layout">Layout</a>,
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new_size: <a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.usize.html">usize</a>
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) -> <a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.pointer.html">*mut </a><a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.u8.html">u8</a> { ... }
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}</code></pre><details class="toggle top-doc" open><summary class="hideme"><span>Expand description</span></summary><div class="docblock"><p>A memory allocator that can be registered as the standard library’s default
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through the <code>#[global_allocator]</code> attribute.</p>
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<p>Some of the methods require that a memory block be <em>currently
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allocated</em> via an allocator. This means that:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>the starting address for that memory block was previously
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returned by a previous call to an allocation method
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such as <code>alloc</code>, and</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>the memory block has not been subsequently deallocated, where
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blocks are deallocated either by being passed to a deallocation
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method such as <code>dealloc</code> or by being
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passed to a reallocation method that returns a non-null pointer.</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="example"><a href="#example">Example</a></h2>
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<div class="example-wrap"><pre class="rust rust-example-rendered"><code><span class="kw">use </span>std::alloc::{GlobalAlloc, Layout};
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<span class="kw">use </span>std::cell::UnsafeCell;
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<span class="kw">use </span>std::ptr::null_mut;
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<span class="kw">use </span>std::sync::atomic::{
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AtomicUsize,
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Ordering::{Acquire, SeqCst},
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};
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<span class="kw">const </span>ARENA_SIZE: usize = <span class="number">128 </span>* <span class="number">1024</span>;
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<span class="kw">const </span>MAX_SUPPORTED_ALIGN: usize = <span class="number">4096</span>;
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<span class="attr">#[repr(C, align(<span class="number">4096</span>))] </span><span class="comment">// 4096 == MAX_SUPPORTED_ALIGN
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</span><span class="kw">struct </span>SimpleAllocator {
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arena: UnsafeCell<[u8; ARENA_SIZE]>,
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remaining: AtomicUsize, <span class="comment">// we allocate from the top, counting down
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</span>}
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<span class="attr">#[global_allocator]
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</span><span class="kw">static </span>ALLOCATOR: SimpleAllocator = SimpleAllocator {
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arena: UnsafeCell::new([<span class="number">0x55</span>; ARENA_SIZE]),
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remaining: AtomicUsize::new(ARENA_SIZE),
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};
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<span class="kw">unsafe impl </span>Sync <span class="kw">for </span>SimpleAllocator {}
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<span class="kw">unsafe impl </span>GlobalAlloc <span class="kw">for </span>SimpleAllocator {
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<span class="kw">unsafe fn </span>alloc(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, layout: Layout) -> <span class="kw-2">*mut </span>u8 {
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<span class="kw">let </span>size = layout.size();
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<span class="kw">let </span>align = layout.align();
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<span class="comment">// `Layout` contract forbids making a `Layout` with align=0, or align not power of 2.
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// So we can safely use a mask to ensure alignment without worrying about UB.
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</span><span class="kw">let </span>align_mask_to_round_down = !(align - <span class="number">1</span>);
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<span class="kw">if </span>align > MAX_SUPPORTED_ALIGN {
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<span class="kw">return </span>null_mut();
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}
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<span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>allocated = <span class="number">0</span>;
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<span class="kw">if </span><span class="self">self
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</span>.remaining
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.fetch_update(SeqCst, SeqCst, |<span class="kw-2">mut </span>remaining| {
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<span class="kw">if </span>size > remaining {
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<span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">None</span>;
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}
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remaining -= size;
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remaining &= align_mask_to_round_down;
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allocated = remaining;
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<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(remaining)
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})
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.is_err()
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{
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<span class="kw">return </span>null_mut();
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};
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<span class="self">self</span>.arena.get().cast::<u8>().add(allocated)
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}
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<span class="kw">unsafe fn </span>dealloc(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="self">self</span>, _ptr: <span class="kw-2">*mut </span>u8, _layout: Layout) {}
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}
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<span class="kw">fn </span>main() {
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<span class="kw">let </span>_s = <span class="macro">format!</span>(<span class="string">"allocating a string!"</span>);
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<span class="kw">let </span>currently = ALLOCATOR.remaining.load(Acquire);
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<span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string">"allocated so far: {}"</span>, ARENA_SIZE - currently);
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}</code></pre></div>
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<h2 id="safety"><a href="#safety">Safety</a></h2>
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<p>The <code>GlobalAlloc</code> trait is an <code>unsafe</code> trait for a number of reasons, and
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implementors must ensure that they adhere to these contracts:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>It’s undefined behavior if global allocators unwind. This restriction may
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be lifted in the future, but currently a panic from any of these
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functions may lead to memory unsafety.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><code>Layout</code> queries and calculations in general must be correct. Callers of
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this trait are allowed to rely on the contracts defined on each method,
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and implementors must ensure such contracts remain true.</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>You must not rely on allocations actually happening, even if there are explicit
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heap allocations in the source. The optimizer may detect unused allocations that it can either
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eliminate entirely or move to the stack and thus never invoke the allocator. The
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optimizer may further assume that allocation is infallible, so code that used to fail due
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to allocator failures may now suddenly work because the optimizer worked around the
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need for an allocation. More concretely, the following code example is unsound, irrespective
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of whether your custom allocator allows counting how many allocations have happened.</p>
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<div class="example-wrap ignore"><a href="#" class="tooltip" title="This example is not tested">ⓘ</a><pre class="rust rust-example-rendered"><code>drop(Box::new(<span class="number">42</span>));
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<span class="kw">let </span>number_of_heap_allocs = <span class="comment">/* call private allocator API */</span>;
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<span class="kw">unsafe </span>{ std::intrinsics::assume(number_of_heap_allocs > <span class="number">0</span>); }</code></pre></div>
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<p>Note that the optimizations mentioned above are not the only
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optimization that can be applied. You may generally not rely on heap allocations
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happening if they can be removed without changing program behavior.
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Whether allocations happen or not is not part of the program behavior, even if it
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could be detected via an allocator that tracks allocations by printing or otherwise
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having side effects.</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div></details><h2 id="required-methods" class="section-header">Required Methods<a href="#required-methods" class="anchor">§</a></h2><div class="methods"><details class="toggle method-toggle" open><summary><section id="tymethod.alloc" class="method"><a class="src rightside" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/src/core/alloc/global.rs.html#157">source</a><h4 class="code-header">unsafe fn <a href="#tymethod.alloc" class="fn">alloc</a>(&self, layout: <a class="struct" href="struct.Layout.html" title="struct allocator_api2::alloc::Layout">Layout</a>) -> <a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.pointer.html">*mut </a><a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.u8.html">u8</a></h4></section></summary><div class="docblock"><p>Allocate memory as described by the given <code>layout</code>.</p>
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<p>Returns a pointer to newly-allocated memory,
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or null to indicate allocation failure.</p>
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<h5 id="safety-1"><a href="#safety-1">Safety</a></h5>
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<p>This function is unsafe because undefined behavior can result
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if the caller does not ensure that <code>layout</code> has non-zero size.</p>
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<p>(Extension subtraits might provide more specific bounds on
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behavior, e.g., guarantee a sentinel address or a null pointer
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in response to a zero-size allocation request.)</p>
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<p>The allocated block of memory may or may not be initialized.</p>
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<h5 id="errors"><a href="#errors">Errors</a></h5>
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<p>Returning a null pointer indicates that either memory is exhausted
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or <code>layout</code> does not meet this allocator’s size or alignment constraints.</p>
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<p>Implementations are encouraged to return null on memory
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exhaustion rather than aborting, but this is not
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a strict requirement. (Specifically: it is <em>legal</em> to
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implement this trait atop an underlying native allocation
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library that aborts on memory exhaustion.)</p>
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<p>Clients wishing to abort computation in response to an
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allocation error are encouraged to call the <a href="../../alloc/alloc/fn.handle_alloc_error.html"><code>handle_alloc_error</code></a> function,
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rather than directly invoking <code>panic!</code> or similar.</p>
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</div></details><details class="toggle method-toggle" open><summary><section id="tymethod.dealloc" class="method"><a class="src rightside" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/src/core/alloc/global.rs.html#172">source</a><h4 class="code-header">unsafe fn <a href="#tymethod.dealloc" class="fn">dealloc</a>(&self, ptr: <a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.pointer.html">*mut </a><a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.u8.html">u8</a>, layout: <a class="struct" href="struct.Layout.html" title="struct allocator_api2::alloc::Layout">Layout</a>)</h4></section></summary><div class="docblock"><p>Deallocate the block of memory at the given <code>ptr</code> pointer with the given <code>layout</code>.</p>
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<h5 id="safety-2"><a href="#safety-2">Safety</a></h5>
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<p>This function is unsafe because undefined behavior can result
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if the caller does not ensure all of the following:</p>
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<ul>
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|
<li>
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<p><code>ptr</code> must denote a block of memory currently allocated via
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this allocator,</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p><code>layout</code> must be the same layout that was used
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to allocate that block of memory.</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div></details></div><h2 id="provided-methods" class="section-header">Provided Methods<a href="#provided-methods" class="anchor">§</a></h2><div class="methods"><details class="toggle method-toggle" open><summary><section id="method.alloc_zeroed" class="method"><a class="src rightside" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/src/core/alloc/global.rs.html#194">source</a><h4 class="code-header">unsafe fn <a href="#method.alloc_zeroed" class="fn">alloc_zeroed</a>(&self, layout: <a class="struct" href="struct.Layout.html" title="struct allocator_api2::alloc::Layout">Layout</a>) -> <a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.pointer.html">*mut </a><a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.u8.html">u8</a></h4></section></summary><div class="docblock"><p>Behaves like <code>alloc</code>, but also ensures that the contents
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are set to zero before being returned.</p>
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<h5 id="safety-3"><a href="#safety-3">Safety</a></h5>
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<p>This function is unsafe for the same reasons that <code>alloc</code> is.
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However the allocated block of memory is guaranteed to be initialized.</p>
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<h5 id="errors-1"><a href="#errors-1">Errors</a></h5>
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<p>Returning a null pointer indicates that either memory is exhausted
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or <code>layout</code> does not meet allocator’s size or alignment constraints,
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just as in <code>alloc</code>.</p>
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<p>Clients wishing to abort computation in response to an
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allocation error are encouraged to call the <a href="../../alloc/alloc/fn.handle_alloc_error.html"><code>handle_alloc_error</code></a> function,
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rather than directly invoking <code>panic!</code> or similar.</p>
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</div></details><details class="toggle method-toggle" open><summary><section id="method.realloc" class="method"><a class="src rightside" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/src/core/alloc/global.rs.html#263">source</a><h4 class="code-header">unsafe fn <a href="#method.realloc" class="fn">realloc</a>(
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&self,
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ptr: <a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.pointer.html">*mut </a><a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.u8.html">u8</a>,
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layout: <a class="struct" href="struct.Layout.html" title="struct allocator_api2::alloc::Layout">Layout</a>,
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new_size: <a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.usize.html">usize</a>
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) -> <a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.pointer.html">*mut </a><a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.76.0/core/primitive.u8.html">u8</a></h4></section></summary><div class="docblock"><p>Shrink or grow a block of memory to the given <code>new_size</code> in bytes.
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The block is described by the given <code>ptr</code> pointer and <code>layout</code>.</p>
|
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<p>If this returns a non-null pointer, then ownership of the memory block
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referenced by <code>ptr</code> has been transferred to this allocator.
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Any access to the old <code>ptr</code> is Undefined Behavior, even if the
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allocation remained in-place. The newly returned pointer is the only valid pointer
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for accessing this memory now.</p>
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<p>The new memory block is allocated with <code>layout</code>,
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but with the <code>size</code> updated to <code>new_size</code> in bytes.
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This new layout must be used when deallocating the new memory block with <code>dealloc</code>.
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The range <code>0..min(layout.size(), new_size)</code> of the new memory block is
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guaranteed to have the same values as the original block.</p>
|
|
|
<p>If this method returns null, then ownership of the memory
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|
block has not been transferred to this allocator, and the
|
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|
contents of the memory block are unaltered.</p>
|
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|
<h5 id="safety-4"><a href="#safety-4">Safety</a></h5>
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|
<p>This function is unsafe because undefined behavior can result
|
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|
if the caller does not ensure all of the following:</p>
|
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|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>
|
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|
<p><code>ptr</code> must be currently allocated via this allocator,</p>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
|
<p><code>layout</code> must be the same layout that was used
|
|
|
to allocate that block of memory,</p>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
|
<p><code>new_size</code> must be greater than zero.</p>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
|
<p><code>new_size</code>, when rounded up to the nearest multiple of <code>layout.align()</code>,
|
|
|
must not overflow isize (i.e., the rounded value must be less than or
|
|
|
equal to <code>isize::MAX</code>).</p>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
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|
<p>(Extension subtraits might provide more specific bounds on
|
|
|
behavior, e.g., guarantee a sentinel address or a null pointer
|
|
|
in response to a zero-size allocation request.)</p>
|
|
|
<h5 id="errors-2"><a href="#errors-2">Errors</a></h5>
|
|
|
<p>Returns null if the new layout does not meet the size
|
|
|
and alignment constraints of the allocator, or if reallocation
|
|
|
otherwise fails.</p>
|
|
|
<p>Implementations are encouraged to return null on memory
|
|
|
exhaustion rather than panicking or aborting, but this is not
|
|
|
a strict requirement. (Specifically: it is <em>legal</em> to
|
|
|
implement this trait atop an underlying native allocation
|
|
|
library that aborts on memory exhaustion.)</p>
|
|
|
<p>Clients wishing to abort computation in response to a
|
|
|
reallocation error are encouraged to call the <a href="../../alloc/alloc/fn.handle_alloc_error.html"><code>handle_alloc_error</code></a> function,
|
|
|
rather than directly invoking <code>panic!</code> or similar.</p>
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|
</div></details></div><h2 id="implementors" class="section-header">Implementors<a href="#implementors" class="anchor">§</a></h2><div id="implementors-list"></div><script src="../../trait.impl/core/alloc/global/trait.GlobalAlloc.js" async></script></section></div></main></body></html> |